Nursing and American Nurses Association Essay Example for Free

Nursing and American Nurses Association EssayDescribe the description of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association. How does it address the metaparadigm theories of nursing? According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), the definition of nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of man response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. Metaparadigm theories of nursing consists of theories that describe the four interrelated concepts, which are persons, surroundings, health and illness, and nursing. Persons are the recipients of nursing care and include individuals, families, and communities. Environment refers to the surroundings of the client, internal factors affecting the client, and the setting where nursing care is delivered.Health and illness describe the clients state of wel l-being. Nursing refers to the actions taken when providing care to a patient. ANAs definition of nursing has included three of the four concepts that make up the metaparadigm theories of nursing. Its definition strongly emphasizes the concept of nursing. It listed many functions that nurses perform such as protecting, promoting, optimization of health and physical abilities, preventing illness and injury, alleviating suffering, and advocating for patients (ANA website, n.d.). All these nursing actions are related to the care of health and illness, which is the second concept of the metapardigm theories of nursing.The ANAs definition of nursing describes in more than detail the concept of health and illness in terms of health, abilities, illness, and injury. These physical conditions affect the state of well-being and may lead to ones experience suffering and negative responses (ANA website n.d.). Persons is the third concept. According to the ANA definition of nursing, persons in clude individuals, families, communities, and populations that receive nursing care. The fourth concept is environment. It is directly related to the other three concepts mentioned above. The environment is the surroundings or the settings in which nursing care is delivered and includes the in the hospital, home, theater, etc

Limitations of Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Limitations of Marketing Research EssayExplain the limitations of merchandising search practice sessiond to contribute to the breeding of Nivea. No matter how small or large a market enquiry project whitethorn be, any type of look for per general anatomyed poorly pass on not give relevant results. In fact, all research, no matter how well controlled, carries the potential to be wrong. There be many reasons why research whitethorn not give good results but a common problem is deciding whether the research is really measuring what it claims to be measuring. There be 3 types of limitations of market research. These atomic number 18 Cost effectiveness, reliability and validity of data collected. Reliability is chiefly concerned with making sure the method of data meeting place leads to consistent results. For example Nivea need to make sure that in their market research that they were asking the same questions asked of separately person, was the sample big enough and med itative of the people who allow for use/buy the ingathering would the same results be obtained from a different set of people.Reliability estimates the degree to which a product is measures in contrast to validity which involves the degree of accuracy. In research, Nivea will want to use measurement tools that be both reliable and valid. They will want to create questions that poke out consistent responses when asked multiple times as this shows reliability. Validity asks whether the research measured what it intended to. Validity implies reliability a valid measure must be reliable.But reliability does not necessarily imply validity a reliable measure need not be valid. Validity is usually considered much important than reliability, because if an instrument does not accurately measure what it is supposed to, there is no reason to use it even if it measures reliably. Nivea needs to consider when carrying out their market research for a product is does the product measure what it claims to measure and is it accurate, this reduces the chances of the business making the wrong decision.If they so happen to make the wrong decision this will run into one of its merchandising objectives which is to retain customers and gain new ones, if the validity of their data is not correct then they will not reach this merchandise objectives as customers opinions of the companionship will differ. Costs are also an important consideration in market research, Nivea need to consider whether or not the product theyre promoting is cost effective. Their market research has to weigh up the cost of undertaking the research against the potential benefits that may result.You could spend a lot of time and labor in trying to solve a problem through market research, only to find that the solution may not be worth implementing. Also, marketing is one of the a few(prenominal) areas of a budget that piece of ass be reigned in without hurting Nivea too much as they are a very pros perous business however, one of their marketing plans is to continue producing successful skin products and boost sales yearly. To do this they have a few cost-effective counsellings that a company can market its products.Search Engine Optimization- Niveas customers are no longer waiting for direct mail pieces to arrive before orderingthey are finding products when they want them through Internet searches. In fact, almost 90% of new visitors to a web site originate from major search engines. And clearly, a top ranking on Google can translate into hundreds or thousands of visitors and ordersa month. As web pages proliferate, increasingly more aggressive search engine optimization strategies are needed to remain visible to Niveas customers. Permission-based Email Marketing.Permission is the difference between legitimate email marketing and spam, turning email marketing into a highly cost effective marketing system. The idea is simple and time tested Nivea deliver highly relevant, ti mely, and personalized email messages to their customers and prospects at a compute of the cost of direct mail to avoid any cost limitations. 3. Public Relations- News releases, white papers, case studies, awards, and sponsorships of educational events are just a few of the relatively inexpensive ways Nivea keep their brand name in front of some other competitors.Although these methods have succeeded so far for them in the near early they will have to alter their methods as well as their approach to the types of market research they decide to carry out, otherwise poor market research will increase the chances of Nivea making a wrong decision. D2) Make and justify three recommendations for improving the validity (the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure) of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of your chosen organisations marketing plans.In this assignment I will be explaining how Nivea uses marketing research for its marketing planning by applying a Marketing Planning Process Model, a SWOT analysis on Nivea giving at least 3 factors for each box) and their SMART objectives (stating what their business objectives are/might be) Marketing planning is concerned with establishing objectives and goals, allocating resources to meet these and backcloth out a clear plan of action. It also involves setting out ways of evaluating performance against marketing targets.Typically, the marketing planning process involves a ruminator audit, a SWOT analysis, setting SMART objectives, determining strategy and tactics, implementing strategy and tactics and evaluating effectiveness of marketing activity. A Marketing planning process model involves a PESTLE and SWOT As part of the marketing planning process, Nivea has to analyse its immaterial environment. One useful way of analysing the external environment is by grouping external forces into six areas using a PESTLE analysis. PESTLE stands for political, economic, social, techn ological, legal and environmental influences.Political factors that affect a business are usually beyond the control of the organisation. However, the business needs to anticipate changes and reveal the action it needs to take to either make the most of an opportunity or mitigate a threat. For example, a political factor that Nivea need to consider is that during a recession, any banks or financial services providers would have to consider the likely government scrutiny of any of their business decisions. Economic factors can affect the performance of a business.These relate to he national or international economy. A economic factor that can affect Nivea are the periods of prosperity that they go through. This can happen in three ways for example when high employment and income drives demand within the organisation. It can also happen in the form of recession when demand falls, leading to lower income and employment within their organisation. Furthermore, in the form of recovery, when demand, income and employment gradually rise within the business. Social factors relate to the determine and beliefs of society.This includes the populations demographics (for example, size, gender, ethnicity, income, education, occupation). These social factors provide useful information for Nivea as it allows them to target their services at broad segments of the population, such as newspapers and magazines. Technological developments can affect businesses in a range of ways. For example, the development of e-commerce benefited business such Amazon. co. uk. Due to the rise in e-commerce Nivea had to produce a e-commerce website which eventually took business forth from traditional shops..Legal developments affect businesses in a range of ways. For example, if there was a change to the Data Protection Act it would affect Nivea and all other businesses that hold customer data. For example If a change in the act occurred then Nivea may not be able to expressly agree to the use of personal data for advertising or marketing purposes any more. Environmental factors can relate to the social, political and legal aspects affecting a business. For example, if Nivea decide to share their cream products in recyclable packaging.This may prove to be popular with consumers if there is a growing level of concern over waste. Similarly, the government may put pressure on businesses to increase the amount of recycling. SWOT analysis A useful approach to examining the relationship between a business and its marketing environment is by conducting a SWOT analysis. SWOT stands for Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the business and can include issues such as the buildings, quality of the staff, IT systems and so on.The external element looks at the opportunities and threats present in the environment in which the organisation operates. Carrying out a SWOT analysis requires research into an organisations received and future position. The idea is to match an organisations strengths and weaknesses with the external forces (opportunities and threats). SWOT analysis draws together all the evidence from the various analytical techniques used. It is a way of producing a summary, which then provides the basis for developing marketing objectives or aims and ultimately strategies or plans.Strengths refer to the internal features of Nivea, which provide a competitive advantage. An example could be a highly efficient IT system which they use to design their products. The company also has a sound financial base, so it had the resources to put together a strong marketing campaign. Also, Nivea has staff with relevant skills researchers with the scientific skills to develop products that men want and marketing staff with the skills to help promote these products effectively. Weaknesses are internal aspects of the organisation, which may not stand comparison with competition or are not performing effectively. An example might be major concerns and questions that Nivea have when launching a product For example Was the product range still relevant for the target audience? Did it have the right sales and distribution outlets? Was its market research streetwise? Opportunities focus on events and developments external to an organisation. This might include new territories for a product or service. Opportunities that Nivea will want to undertake is to open a new segment of a market. Also, NIVEA FOR MEN had seen an increase in the sales of male skincare products and it wants a greater share of this market, Nivea might might consider this.Furthermore, the company wants to take advantage of changing social attitudes such as men becoming more open, or certainly less resistant, to facial skincare products. Threats are developments external to the organisations, which could damage overall performance. These threats can originate from governmental policy, such as an increase in corporation tax or ne w laws. Threats to Nivea are consumers who are becoming more knowledgeable and price conscious. They often expect sales promotions such as discounts and offers. Also, the risk of competitors entering the market.

A Report On Travel And Tourism Environment Tourism Essay

A Report On Travel And numberistry Environment touristry EssayThe purpose of this report is to survey the current state of the UK touristry market. This report examines the historical evolution of the perish and tourism manufacture in the UK, from superannuated time to present in case of importance of being informed about, the history provide lead us to understand the situation better and empowerer and in any case it tries to clarify the current construction of the travel and tourism exertion in the UK. Since we atomic number 18 facing many effects that economic policies stick out on opposite industries, the report also investigates the influence of both local and inter discipline agencies as vigorous as global and case economic policy on tourism industry. The an some other(prenominal) section which has been explained in the current report is the effects of picture and bespeak on travel and tourism industry its important to be discussed be arrange of the clear vi sion itll give us in planning for the industry. Finall(a)y it should be noticed that all industries have nearly pros and cons and discerning them gives planners and managers to avoid making instant wrong decisions therefore I will describe what the positive and negative impacts atomic number 18 on local and the globe by tourism industry.History and organise of the travel and tourism industryHistorySince Persian king Darius the Great has made the first generation of roads and accommodation facilities for commuting, thousands of geezerhood has been past, its easy to drop the footsteps of Egyptians and Romans as ancient travellers, Wikipedia (July 2010) comments that Wealthy passel have always travelled to distant split ups of the populace, to see striking buildings, deceases of art, learn pertly languages, run across new cultures and to taste different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic, places such as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich. However, we have different concept of travel and tourism today.The word tourism was delectationd by 1811 and tourist by 1780 also the word tour was used by 14th century (Merriam-Websters eleventh collegiate dictionary). flatadays based on UNWTO 1993, tourism is defined as The activities of individuals travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more(prenominal) than integrity consecutive socio-economic class for leisure, business and other purposes.The UK was always single of the pathfinders in history of tourism industry, since many of new travelling system has founded or highly- invented by the UK such as The Elizabethan traveller in the renaissance or the first-ever excursions by Thomas cook, cox kings companionship.The industry revolution and economic increment formed todays tourism, as a result of genial changes and massive necessarys for having leisure and recreation in the new born industrial societies.Wikipedia (July 2010) claims that Leisure travel was associated with the industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom the first atomic number 63an country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial existence. Initially, this applied to the giveers of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the grind owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class.The need for work led the companies to be founded, 2008 marked the 250th anniversary of the foundation of Cox Kings, the longest established travel company in the world. Cox Kings (2010)In the other words, we were facing Democratization of touristry which has been described by John Urry. How has it occurred?Sharply (2006) noted that an historical analysis of tourism learning identifies lead main periods within which specific forms of tourism arsehole be identified1600-1800 a period which witnessed the rise and fall of the Grand Tour, as well as the popularity of spas as the first example of resort-based tourism e.g. tourism in the Lake District which dates back to 1698, when many visitors travelled to the Lake District for the education and the pleasure of the journey.1800-1900 during this period, seaboard resorts emerged and grew rapidly. The latter half of the 19th century also saw the birth and development of the package tour, with Thomas Cook being widely considered as the conceiver of the concept.1900 onwards a period initially defined by increasing home(prenominal) tourism barely, since the 1960s, by the rapid growth of worldwide mass tourism.The world has experienced a noticeable fluctuation on al near every thing while dry land War II, the tourism wasnt a quit and had major shifts Industries have increasingly become global in the Post-World War II period. Infrastructures and transportation have faced fundamental changes, some of them areUsing motor couches increase in car ownershipIncrease in leisure timeMore disposable income and paid holidayJet aircrafts developedComputerized reservatio n systems invention of holiday campsLow cost airlinesLong haul destinationsPackage holidaysSocial changesPolitical changesNowadays tourism is affected mostly by new mixer attitude of disposal and people toward terrorism later 9/11, financial recession in 2009 and growth of the internet and Medias.StructureTravel and tourism industry is really complicated and usually is considered as umbrella industry, since its dependence on a lot of factors and sectors which are working together, therefore every section should work correctly in order to be successful.This industry encompasses transportation system, accommodations, tour operators, travel agencies, cruise lines, adventure companies, receptive operators, convention bureaus and so on.According to Rowe et al (2002), Travel and tourism is able to be discussed in several categories, but we basically classify it in these three types that are presented by Diagram1Travel and tourismDomestic tourismInbound TourismOutbound TourismFigure 1Do mestic tourism is when people from a country take holidays, hornswoggle breaks and day trip in their own homeland. Like a couple who take a ii days break to visit their relatives in their own country.Inbound tourism is when some people enter to another country form their home country. Like a business gathering which enter England in order to attend a conference.Outbound tourism this terms is used when the people travel form their own country to visit the other part of the world for leisure or baseness. Like an Iranian family who goes to The U.S just for leisure.In the chart below the number of both inbound and outbound tourism in the UK have been compared since 2008 National Statistic Online (2010)Figure2 Source National Statistic OnlineThere is also another model suggested by Leiper in 1990, according to Cooper et al, (2008) there are three basic elements of Leipers model tourersTourists are different in what their goals are and what they are traveling for but they are the first ring of this chain.Geographical elementsTraveler-generating regionTourist destination regionTourist route regionThe tourism sectorFigure 3Some of the tourism sector includesInternational or national tourism organizations e.g. UNWTO, VisitbritainTransportation system e.g. airlines, rail system, ocean liners, rental cars, buses Accommodations e.g. hotels, BBs, time share complex, campingTour operators, wholesalers, travel agencies, adventure companies, receptive operators, convention bureausVisitors attractions e.g. museums, ancient monuments, landscapesLets put Leipers model in practice with an example, a British young couple is traveling to Brazil in order to spend their honeymoon in Rio Rio is famous for its great beaches. They fly by British Air Line, and booked a five star hotel at the beach through and through the internet. This package was designed by Travel to Heaven which is a wholesaler but they have bought it from a travel agency near their home in Sheffield. They are ter mination to take the conduct to London since the flight is form Heathrow air port.A young couple is tourist.Geographical elements.Sheffield (England) is tourist generating region.Rio (Brazil) is tourist destination region.Taking the train from Sheffield and flying form Heathrow forms transit route region.Tourism elements are particularly Travel to Heaven, a small travel agency, a five star hotel, catering, national and international organizations, and so on.Tourism and travel Industry sometimes get impact of Integrations in companies which are an important occurrence firstly we have to know that there are two kinds of integration, Horizontal and Vertical.According to Travel and Tourism Publishing (2010)Vertical integration in the travel industry is when a company has control over other companies that are at different levels in the chain of distribution or in different sectors for instance, TUI Travel UK owns Thomson and First preference tour operating businesses, and the Thomson a nd First Choice travel agency chains.Thomas Cook AG (a German group) owns the Thomas Cook and MyTravel tour operating companies (including Airtours), cocksure the Thomas Cook and Going Places chains of travel agencies.Horizontal integration is when a company owns or has control over a number of companies at the same level in the distribution chain or the same industry sector for instance, many tour operating businesses that are now part of the big two were originally independent companies, e.g. Neilson and Club 18-30 (now part of the Thomas Cook Group), and Something Special and the Holiday Cottages Group (now merged with Thomson).These examples have made momentous fluctuations in this industry both locally and globally.The influence of local and national governments and international agencies on the travel and tourism industryThe nature of tourism industry as one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 235 million people and generating over 9.2 per cent of world GDP, due to its complex structure and its involvement in hundreds of different unit, cause it to be affected by the local and national governments as well as tourism organizations and agencies both domestically and globally.Figure 1 from Charles et al (2006) shows, all of these functions must be carried out with a high degree of cooperative interaction between the public and backstage sectors.Figure 4 Source Tourism principle, practice and philosophiesOrganizations which lead tourism and travel industry are classified in four levels some of these organizations are briefly described below, in supplement it should be mentioned that Iran and Turkey have been selected as samples about national organizations.International organizations and agenciesUNWTO The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the united nations and the lede international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source o f tourism know-how. UNWTO (September 2010).WTTC The World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) is the forum for business leaders in the Travel Tourism industry. With Chief Executives of some one hundred of the worlds leading Travel Tourism companies as its Members, WTTC has a unique mandate and overview on all matters related to Travel Tourism. WTTC (September 2010).IATA It is an international trade body, created over 60 years ago by a group of airlines. Today, IATA represents some 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduledinternational air traffic. The organization also represents leads and serves the airline industry in general.IATA (September 2010)Other organizations which have repoint or indirect roles in tourism such as WHO, IFC, IBRD, ICAO, UNESCO, OECD and so onRegional organizationsPATA The Pacific Asia Travel Association is a not-for-profit membership connector dedicated to building responsible travel to, from and within the Pacific Asia Region. PATA (September 2010)ETC The Eu ropean Travel Commission (ETC) is an association of National Tourism Organizations (NTOs). It was created in 1948 to promote Europe as a destination to long-haul tourism markets. Visiteurope (September 2010)National organizationsICHTO Iran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization is responsible for culture heritage, handy crafts and tourism. Museums, hospitality sectors, catering services. Managing private sectors encircle organization duties.KULTUR Republic of Turkey Ministry of destination and Tourism is a national organization which is in charge of tourism in Turkey.Local organizationsGCHTO Guilan Culture Heritage and Tourism Organization is a local organization that acts in Guilan province located in north of Iran.THA Tehran Hotels Association, this association works to develop hotels and manage hospitality issues in Tehran the capital of Iran. Every province has its own association.These organizations are in charge of leading, managing, developing and making polices for expa nding sustainable tourism criteria. Interrelate between these organizations is very crucial, since they are managing a massive industry.For example UNWTO is well-known for its unique statistics and surveys, also Charles et al (2006) declare that UNWTO has a central and decisive role in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism, with the aim of contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. In pursuing this aim, WTO pays particular attention to the interests of the developing countries in the field of tourism. Its not only this organization involve in different regional projects, for instance the project of Silk road an ancient 12,000 Km form Asia to Europe. UNWTO is working on poverty soothing and omission through sustainable tourism, protecting children from sexual exploitation in tourism, crisis management, ecoto urism, and safety and security.A good example for cooperation between all these organizations in different levels can be Rural Heritage Museum of Guilan this museum has been founded in 2005 with approximately four million dollars investment, its now in seventh phase. Its the first eco-museum in Iran. UNESCO, ICOM (international council of museum), university of Tehran, ICHTO, GCHTO, Financial sponsors and local communities involved in founding this museum as an unique experience in Iran.Here in this part of the report we are going to investigate what are the influences of these sectors on tourism in addition the condition of these organizations and their effects will be examined in Iran.Naturally role of the government in totalitarian systems and communist regimes is more than the other sectors, because in these kinds of systems almost everything in all levels is controlled by the government. In addition finding suitable culture based on reliable statistic is a troublesome action i ndeed.There are lots of outcomes can be identified in Iran during last few decades, for instance since Islamic revolution, Iran has faced fundamental fluctuations in politics, ideology, international relationship, economy and so on.All of these elements obviously influenced tourism industry, for example after the revolution many western countries werent interested to visit Iran mainly, because of the black face that the totalitarian regime of Iran had and also because of eight years war among Iran and Iraq which made the region unsafe, also partly because of limitation in social freedom for example in clothing or drinking.Political Issues and policiesSanctions after sanctions is what shows how bitter is the situation of Irans policy in international community however in tourism destinations and attractions in the world ranking, Iran is in top twenties but in multi billion dollar tourism business its just near the finish line.Its hard to approve that you are not a terrorist as an p ublic citizen of Iran when you are preparing to travel to other countries the process for getting visa is a pain due to political policy which Iran has and the feedback of the international community. change of location to Iran form some countries is hard and sometimes impossible, for instance Israel and the United States.Political stability was threatened by 2009 presidential race and deception in the result which ends with Green course protests. This has decreased all domestic, outbound and inbound tourism, thus the investment in privet sector has declined.Economic Issues and policiesThe effect of economic issues is mostly touchable in domestic and outbound tourism not inbounds.Cutting taxes is an encouraging policy offered by government in order to increase privet sector role in tourism. expend in tourism industry due to interest rate, inflation and economic stability ties with high risk, the interest rate in Iran is about 15% 25% and the inflation is usually more than 12% and mostly about 20%.Inbound tourism is benefiting with cheaper expenses thanks to the currency power, one $ US is about 10,000 IRR.Traveling by personal cars has been dramatically fall as a result of the policy of using Intelligent Fuel Cards that has been done by the government to reduce the petrol consumption in Iran.Other issues and policiesGetting justification in order to run a business for private sector in Iran is a complicated and inexplicable process. A person who wants to invest in tourism fields should pass many filters and tests which arent necessarily relevant to the travel and tourism industry.There was a gradual rise in government employees travel by offering Expedition Cards from the government sector. People can use it to decrease their expenses while traveling.Educating and encouraging people to travel by advertising through the public Medias has made a fluctuation.Producing statistics and information is forgotten by authorities, and a good deal there isnt any reliab le information about tourism industry.The new policy of government is to invest in health tourism thanks to Irans great infrastructure and substructure in this case.Investigate the effects of supply and implore on the travel and tourism industryPlanning for enormous industries such tourism is much more vital today, so there should be a wise vision of what we have as facts and what is forecasted for the future. In addition analyzing supply and demand is a consequential procedure in a flourishing industry.As its been mentioned in the first task there are some models which illustrate structure of tourism, but it also can be defined with this two components Cooper et al (2008)Demand-side definitionsSupply-side definitionsSince demand-side has an immense influence on supply-side, even we can say that supply is a function of demand, demand as a key factor of tourism industry will be discussed in this task.Indeed definition of demand is varying in the different subjects for example the ex planation of demand in Economy may is differ with the definition in Psychology or Geography. alone lets clarify according to Page (2007) tourism demand has been defined in numerous ways, includingThe total number of persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use tourist facilities and services at places away from their places of work and residenceThe relationship between individuals motivation to travel and their ability to do soThe schedule of the amount of any product or service which people are willing and able to buy at each specific price in a set of possible prices during a specified period of time.Each of these definitions in tourism has some elements according to cooper et al (2008) there are three elements in tourism demandDemand elementsActual demandSuppressed demandNo demandFigure 5Effective or actual demand is the number of people participating in tourism, commonly expressed as the number of travelers. For instance thousands of people went to see World Cup in South Afri ca.Suppressed demand, which consists of the similarity of the population who are unable to travel because of, circumstances e.g. lack of purchasing power or lack of holidays. There were some people that liked to go and involve in World Cup but due to some circumstances like lack of money they couldnt make it.No demand includes those members of the population who have no desire to travel and those who are unable to travel due to family commitments or illness or they choose to spend their income on the other things rather than tourism. About the World Cup my brother is not interested in football at all so he should be in no demand category. Or may be some people are banded to enter South Africa so they are potentially reason in no demand.As you can see all three elements can be explained in both geographical regions discussed by Leipers model.This may be an interesting question that Why do people go on holiday? So lets see what motivations are, and what forms demand to travel. Knowi ng this is absolutely significant as a result of the importance of demand role in enhancement of tourism.Tourism demand determinants are different and a lot but most of the experts, despite of new determinants like globalization and environmentalism, believe that Uysel 1998 has explained these factors wisely. Figure 6 is his model in demand determinants.For better understanding lets have some examples, through these samples some of these determinants will be discussed, imagine an archeologist wants to visit Ancient Iran Museum to see Cyrus the great cylinder which is the first human right declaration that had unploughed in British museum beforehand. She wasnt able to go to Britain because it was not affordable for her for many reasons like her disposable income wasnt enough, tourism price is high and exchange rate is dramatically upward but now she can easily see it (Economical determinants). as well as if even she was able to pay for this travel she wasnt able to leave Iran, due t o social and psychological reasons for example her father doesnt let her daughter leave Iran before she gets married, also she didnt have enough time for spending, and she is afraid of flying and so on (Social psychological determinants).Or think about an adventurous group interested in mount climbing and intend to go to Himalaya mountain range. Both Afghanistan and Nepal are good but due to war, terrorism, level of development in infrastructure and superstructure Nepals chance is more than Afghanistan (Exogenous determinants).Figure 6 Source Reproduce form Tourism management managing for changeIncreasing tourism demand is led by two types of factors, Internal and External external factors are those related to surrounding of person such as income and social condition. Internal factors are base on individual needs like health education and personal interests.In addition demand changes under many other circumstances through consumer behavior and decision process, cooper et al (2008) c laim that decision making process as a system made up of four basic elementsEnergizers of demand. These are the forces and influences that collectively create the motivation to travel or go on holiday.Effectors of demand. The information process and subsequent purchase decisions are influenced by the tourists knowledge and perceptions of particular places, destinations or experiences. These are the pull factors which lead the tourist to making particular travel choices.Roles and the decision-making process. Here, the important role is that of the family member who normally involved in the different stage of purchase process and the final resolution of decisions about when, where ad how the group will consume the tourism product.Determinants of demand. A variety of economic, social and psychological factors determine particular choices or filter out inappropriate products. These include transparent or descriptive demand factors, such as Mobility Employment and income Paid holiday en titlement Education levels Demographic variables age, gender, race, stage in the family life cycle.In the other hand studying demand can clarify vital data which are main requirements for contriving future plans includingNumber of visitors arrivedMeans of transportationLength of staying lineament of accommodationMoney expenditure and so onThese data and lots of other details can be deriving by analyzing the demand statistics and information.Now that there is a very good perception of demand in tourism we have to see what direct and indirect influences it has on supply, or in the other word how supply changes to meet demand. Some examples will clarify how the system is.Globalization has changed the globe in many ways Medias, internet and satellites are playing a massive role in forming tourism demand these days and of course supply side used this as an opportunity. Internet booking, international ads, online packages and virtual tours are all important for demand side and tourists. T hanks to these changes, now there are lots of online sites which serve consumers before making a decision. These web sites and TV ads are very important to conceptualize tourists mind beforehand. Its significant since it influences consumer behavior based on determinants that we discussed in advance.The number of visitors during a year is different, for example during summer only a few people wants to visit Sahara desert or in the winter many people intend to go ski in Europe. Low season and High season are tow different concept which supply side should be aware of, the policies for these two occasions should be different, for example offering lower price services to attract people in low season may is one of the strategies. Also in the high season setting new flights can be helpful in order to cover all visitors.Environmentalism as a new issue has changed the world view of point about many things, for example hotels try to be greener in order to pull more customers toward. Or tour packages to North Pole have been established as a result of increasing pattern of demand to visit ice melting phenomenon and being informed of what is going on in reality.Tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon and has become one of the largest industries in theworld. The impact of tourism is extremely varied. On one hand, it plays an important and certainlypositive role in the socio-economic and political development in destination countries by, for instance,offering new employment opportunities. Also, in certain instances, it may contribute to a broadercultural understanding by creating awareness, respecting the diversity of cultures and ways of life. Onthe other hand, as a tool to create jobs, it has not complete its expectations. At the same time, complaintsfrom tourist destinations concerning massive negative impacts upon environment, culture and residentsways of life have given rise to a demand for a more sustainable development in tourism. Differentparties will have to be in volved in the process of developing sustainable tourism. This section focuseson what the tourism industry itself can do in order to increase its sustainability, defines three majorproblems, and suggests possible tourism initiatives to help solve these problems. Other problemsshould also be included in the discussion for it to become exhaustive.Wikipedia (July 2010)(Merriam-Websters 11th collegiate dictionary)Word Tourism Organization 1993.Sharply (2006)Rowe et al (2002),National Statistic Online (2010) online http//www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=352Accessed 20 July 2010Cooper et al, 2008Cox Kings (2010) Centuries of Experience onlinehttp//www.coxandkings.co.uk/aboutus-history.aspx, Accessed 20 July 2010Travel and Tourism Publishing (2010) online www.tandtpublishing.co.uk/acatalog/pdf/unit12ppt.ppt Accessed 27 July 2010unwto (september2010)wttc (September 2010)IATA (September 2010)PATA (September 2010)http//www.visiteurope.com/Footer/About-usCharles et al (2006)Task 5Impact of tourism, UN PDF

Categorising Hamlet as a Tragedy

Categorising settlement as a TragedyShakespeargonan scholar A.C. Bradley states that calamity concerns itself with one person, the superstar. The second key aspect of tragedy is the death of a hero. As Bradley points out, tragedy is essentially a tale of suffering and calamity conducting to death. village by William Shakespeare closely follows the dramatic conventions of a penalise cinch in Elizabethan theatre. Plays belonging to this genre are typically centred upon a protagonists attempt to penalise an evil deed, often including prompts from the supernatural. Mental instability of the hero, scenes of carnage and mutilation and an eruption of general violence towards the denouement are elements common to this genre. Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy and William Shakespeares Titus Andronicus are classic examples of revenge plays, often being classified as tragedies of blood due to their explicit presentation of premeditated violence. Hamlets focus is primarily on the perch of a hero rather than on the execution of a revel to revenge, therefore, it is more a tragedy than a revenge play as Prince Hamlet just doesnt retaliate his fathers murder, he contemplates it before hand. In Hamlet, Shakespeare complicates the theme which makes the play difficult to compartmentalise, giving the play psychological depth, whereas Titus Andronicus is the straightforward narration of a pledge to revenge.The play narrates how Prince Hamlet gains revenge on his uncle Claudius, who is responsible for the foul and most unnatural murder of the late King, Hamlets father. Hamlet vividly charts the course of feigned madness, aro determination angst and seething rage whilst exploring themes such as regicide, treachery, reprisal, incest and moral corruption- the classic conventions of an Elizabethan tragedy. The setting of the play is crucial in determining the plays genre, thus, Shakespeare uses Castle Elsinore and its environs to yield a sordid, depressing place where alleged incest and murder are a part of everyday life, where revenge is commonplace motivation, and where the feigning of madness is a regular strategy to dissemble ones feelings. As I previously said, the multiple subplots and psychological depth Shakespeare adds to partings give context to the events taking place deep down the play, taking it beyond the realms of a mere revenge play. In Hamlet, Shakespeare takes the theme of revenge beyond the hero of the play. He adds several sub-plots (Fortinbras of Norway is getting ready for possible combat with Denmark and Laertes seeks to avenge his fathers murder), making the genre of revenge consistent throughout the course of the play whilst likewise adding to the atmosphere of anxiety and doom already created.Shakespeare employs the use of certain Gothic conventions which are typical of tragedies, thus, establishing the plays genre. The curtain opens to a bitter cold night, instantly creating a dark, chilling atmosphere. Conversely, Shakes peare could have employed the use of this metaphor to symbolize the governmental unsettlement in the state of Denmark as their King has just died. The plot itself is complicated unless Shakespeare adds further depth to the atmosphere of chaos and unease by employing the use of conventional aspects of Elizabethan tragedy such as the clock that has struck twelve, opening the play in a sinister, perilous hour usually associated with the supernatural, a dead hour. We are also told that the spirit of the late King is roaming the walls of the castle, creating a sense of foreboding within the auditory modality.I have established the conventions of Elizabethan tragedies, but to ascertain the generic conventions of Revenge plays, we must look at some paradigmatic examples such as Shakespeares Titus Andronicus or Thomas Kyds The Spanish Tragedy. Critic S. Clarke Hulse describes Titus Andronicus as a play with 14 killings, 9 of them on stage, 6 severed members, 1 rape (or 2 or 3, dep fetch uping on how you count), 1 live burial, 1 case of insanity and 1 of jakesnibalism- an average of 5.2 atrocities per act, or one for every 97 lines. The play narrates the story of a Roman general who by the end of the play has taken his revenge by murdering his enemy Tamoras sons and then cooking the deceased in the form of a pie, which he later feeds to their mother. The play is by far Shakespeares bloodiest work and is undoubtedly classified as purely a revenge play. In Hamlet Hamlet, Ophelia, Laertes, Polonius, Gertrude, Claudius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern all die within the course of the play, which is by chance why it is often categorised as simply a revenge play.What distinguishes Hamlet from most revenge plays is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed. We must keep in mind that in this play, it is Hamlets own conscience that leads to his procrastination, acting as his hamartia. S.T Coleridge states that Hamlet procrast inates from thought, and loses the power of action in the energy of resolve. The audience of a revenge play expect a fast pace that gives them an adrenaline rush, thus keeping them engaged. Procrastination is a highly uncommon singularity amongst the protagonists of revenge plays as can be seen in the character of Titus Andronicus who seemingly has no ethical values, Titus Andronicus being a play that is described as Shakespeares bloodiest work. or else of killing Claudius when he is in prayer, Hamlet delays the action further, preferring to murder him when he is drunk or in the incestuous pleasures of his bed. Although, Hamlets hesitation to kill Claudius can also be seen as a plot device used by Shakespeare to prolong the action of the play, hence, increasing the tension within the audience. As Aristotle said, the tragic hero is a man who is a mixture of good characteristics and bad characteristics and by exposing Hamlets tragic flaw, (teamed with his pardon to Laertes), Shakesp eare makes him seem righteous to the audience, allowing us to empathise with the character disdain his bad characteristics, a feeling that is definitely not associated with most revenge heroes. Critic William Hazlitt says that we can relate to Hamlet if we have had sadness in our lives as he is open with his emotions and allows the audience an insight into his feelings.Aristotles definition describes tragedy as an imitation of an event that is serious, complete, and possessing magnitude. Hamlet is undeniably a play that is of great enormity as we consider the scale and scope of the play. Keeping in mind that the protagonists of the play are in fact the rulers of Denmark in whose hands lies the fate of millions of multitude simply elevates the tension created even further. Aristotle also states that the character has the second place in importance meaning simply that the character should support the plot i.e. individualised motivations will be intricately connected parts of the c ause-and-effect chain of actions producing pity and fear in the audience. Hamlet fits into this description of tragedy as it is Hamlets desire to avenge his fathers murder that drives the plot forward and leads to the unfolding of events that form the play.Shakespeare adds unexpected depth to the character of Claudius, which is not common for the antagonist of a revenge play. The playwright makes Hamlets disrespect towards his uncle apparent as he claims they are a little more than kin and less than kind. Claudiuss soliloquy in Act trinity scene III relays his stronger guilt on a brothers murder, showing a possible good characteristic (as said by Aristotle) of his character. My fault is past. But O, what form of prayer can serve my turn? Claudiuss apparent desire for retribution defers from the preconceived notion of a villain in Elizabethan theatre as it evokes sympathy within the audience. In a stage production of the play, this scene could be played with Claudius on his knees w ith his hands folded before him, maximising any sympathy the audience feels towards him. However, Shakespeare keeps his unsuited manners consistent as Claudiuss crown, his own ambition, and his queen win over his guilt. Conversely, this soliloquy could be used to show that despite his villainous nature, Claudius is a character suffering from the heavy burden of guilt. Even though Claudiuss character is not developed to its full potential, Shakespeare has crafted a full rounded human being out of the adulterate beast, making even his character psychologically plausible. This fact in itself defers Hamlet from being merely a revenge play.Reviewing all the points I do during the course of this essay, I would like to conclude that to categorise Hamlet as a revenge play would do the play great injustice. The plays dramatic social organisation and in-depth characterisation allow the play to be interpreted from many perspectives. In my opinion, Hamlet is not more a tragedy than a revenge play as it contains elements of both genres, but it is a revenge tragedy. Professor Kiernan Ryan remarks on Hamlet being subcategorized into a category of its own as it problematizes the whole revenge tragedy form and the assumptions and values about life, which a revenge tragedy would smuggle through unchallenged.

Process Implemented In Shell Pakistan Management Essay

Process Implemented In Shell Pakistan Management EssayThis chapter discusses the variety show way process utilizeed in Shell Pakistan. It in any case highlights the issues of necessity to ex spay, the risks grimaced during the transformation and the effectiveness of change prudence. The behavioral responses and attitude of stakeholders towards change counsel in the industry have in any case been covered in the report with a comprehensive analysis on the features that have helped or hindered the changed process within Shell. The findings face uped here(predicate) atomic number 18 mostly based on the research conducted through 20 interviews includes some(prenominal) the face to face interviews and questions beingness asked through teleph one and recording feedback. I tried to interview people who be closely related to the topic of change in the business. In addition, twenty five questionnaires are distri saveed amongst employees as strong in order to understand the chan ge process that took place from converting from JD Edwards to glance over within the organization.4.2-Factors that resist changeOne of the most common problems which business executives face during implementing plan is the employee resistance to change. Such resistance could be in disparate forms like persistent reduction in output, increase in the number of die up and requests for transfer, chorine quarrels, sullen hostility, wildcat or slowdown strikes, and, of course, the expression of a lot of pseudo logical reasons why the change volition not work. altogether this actions can way out in a negative outflow or a reduced net worth of any organization. A survey was conducted by the author in Shell Pakistan to identify the most common factors from the employees which act as a resistance while adopting change. The approach adopted for this research was more direct as one to one session of interview was held with the individuals. The feedback received was mixed. The most commo n reasons for the resistance were as followsLack of communication between the centering and staff on change issueFear of losing the task after change is implemented is always thereFear or losing their job term and job security is also a concernToo much pressure and work load is tough to handle switch over of working surroundings and disruption in tillage is a concern.Conflicts of personalitiesBenefits are not communicatedOthersResults are illustrated below by using a pie chart and followings are the findingsSo harmonise to the results illustrated by the pie chart, it is clearly understood that the fear of losing and the concerns regarding job status and job security are suppose to be the biggest barriers for managing change. After that the benefits of change not being communicated properly, act as a resistance to change. Rest of the reasons identified through the survey were more linked to the human behaviour, like mental stress, personal conflicts, culture disruption etc4.3- N ecessity of change in ShellIn any organization managing change process, asks for planning before implementing the change step. Every organization has different circumstances and the change situation varies a lot but still there are few logical steps which could be utilize during change centering process. The process of change normally starts with a change Trigger. The change set off highlights the necessity of change in a specific organization. The change trigger included two types of events. These are the external and the internal eventsExternal EventsChanges in economic conditions (Inflation, GDP, Interest rates, etc)Changing laws and regulations, influencing the business cycleStrong competitive strategies from adversary and threat from a new entrant in the industryTechnology introduced, changes in Research and DevelopmentInternal EventsChanges in top level management giving rise to different operational strategies, changes in priorities, and new leadership styles.Introductio n of a new technology and having a changed working style and purlieuOpening more branches of business both in the same country and overseasIntroducing new diversified products or servicesThese triggers will push management to opt for change. The questions which is to be answered by management is if they really think change is required to improve the situation, or if it could be handled without implementing change.Shell being a international organization wanted to streamline standardize its processes around the cosmos. Prior to the use of SAP the organization had been using different ERP in different parts of the world like JD Edwards in Asia, Oracle in Australia etc. This made the operational reconciliation processes different but since the organization has the vision of standardizing simplifying its processes it prompted the top management to implement SAPAlso SAP had been customized for Shell is being implemented with the name of GSAP i.e. Global SAP. It helps the organizati on in simplifying operations standardizes its processes around the globe.In short, the following are the factors which pushed Shell to opt for change to accomplish their goals more efficientlySimplification of the operational process by removal of a lot of redundant activities, and get rid of activities which were not adding value to any product or service of shell.Standardization of processes across the Globe, this helped Shell in removing complexities which arose from using different systems.Cost chemise Saving with standardization of processes and removal of non value adding activities.Adapting to the latest of technology in the ERP World i.e. Use of SAP.Reducing the fixed overheads is helpful for any organization in terms of Cost Savings. In the case of Shell Pakistan, organizational restructuring resulting in reduced head count due to process simplification e.g. Prior to SAP implementation there used to be two General Managers for Supply Distribution for operations in Paki stan but at present there is only one General Manager for Supply Distribution who covers India, Pakistan Oman Dubai.4.4-Models dealing with resistance to changeThere have been many different approaches of managing the resistance to change. Below included are few models presented by different authors during their time which were used as a tool for managing the process of change. Kotter Schlesingers (1979) Presented a 6 step model which is used to reduce, eliminate or minimize the resistance. The following steps were suggested in this model for managing resistance.Education Communication The resistance is the result of ignorance, and in order to control this it was suggested that communicating the vision of change and the potential benefits will help the cause and control resistanceParticipation Involvement The idea is to get people involved in the change process and their participation mattersFacilitation Support Offering counselling services to those feeling stress and difficu lties is one major example of facilitate, support could involve discipline procedures, providing technical assistance etc.Negotiation and agreement match to (Economist, 2003) long before the economic slowdown of 2008-2009 the United Auto Workers Union some quaint pay rises and improved medical health care in response to agreeing for managements closure of plants. The General motors and Ford were in competition with non unionized Japanese subsidiaries, and required to improve their productivityManipulation Co-optation The resistance is controlled by the way information is presented or by a political processCoercion, Implicit overt This works best when the management is powerful, the change decision is enforced on the employees forcefully and they are left with no other option but to accommodate it. (BPP, 2008, P-402)Another model used for carrying out the change process was introduced by Kurt Lewin (1951), He presented a 3 stage model to explain the important steps to be take n while implementing change. Lewins concept about organizational change was based on the perspective of the organism metaphor. His model is widely used by managers in the industry. According to him an organization can go through three different stages during the process of change. Theses stages areUnfreeze Initiation Creation of the right milieuLewin has linked this process of change to the human behaviour and believes that motivation should be put before planning and implementing the change process. The unfreeze process defined by Lewin should start with breaking down of the existing status of organization and start building up a new environment. Unfreezing was the process which was used by Lewin to present a new approach in shape of force field analysis. A force field analysis is suggested by Kurt Lewin presented which helps in considerate of change in an establishment. According to nip field analysis a process of change in any organization is stuck in between two types of inf luencing forces (1) parkway force which is the positive force for change. The other force is the Restraining force which is an obstacle to change, so according to Lewin before the change process the forces are in equilibrium. Lewin also suggested that whenever the driving force is stronger compared to the restraining force, the equilibrium or the status quo will change. Making Sense of Change Management (2004, p.110). The figure below illustrates the work of Lewin on Force field Analysis. This is and example of an operating organization. Thomas (1985) said regarding the force field analysis that the model has been widely used in very different contexts but there is not link of this model to the overall strategy. Maslen and Platts (1994) used force field analysis and applied this to the manufacturing strategy.forceFieldAnalysisForce Field Analysis ModelChange Adoption, Supporting change to required stateLewin knew that change was a process rather than a one off event. He termed thi s process as transition. According to Lewin at this stage the people are unfrozen and moving towards a new beginning. He also suggested that at this stage people are also uncertain and fearful so this is also the hardest stage of the model as it is tough to convince people for change John B Miner (2004, p.110).Re-freeze borrowing strengthening to anchor the changeThe refreezing stage is concerned with establishing and maintaining stability once the change process has been implemented. The top management support is required in during this process. likewise that those sources must be identified which supports change and also the barriers supporting the revolution must be identified). The figure below shows the 3 staged model presented by Lewin.RefreezeUnfreezeChangeLewins Model of Change http//picsicio.us/image/58bf1359/Lewins work has been widely accepted and is more frequently used in the industry by management during the change implementation process. However the 3 staged model is not the only one used for managing change and Greminis 4Rs is another approach used in the industry. Gouillart and Kelly were Management Consultants and they describe the process of business transformation (major change) in four different stages. The material presented by them is known as Greminis 4 RsAccording to the framework a conversion process should establish a new corporate vision, bring in new opportunities for an organization and new ways of performing activities should be carried out. Gouillart and Kelly suggested that such a process will require four Rs to be present if it is to be successful.Gemini 4Rs is as followsReframingRestructuringRevitalizingRenewalReframingReframing will give rise to questions about the nature of the organization and what its reason for existence. Following elements should be present in reframingAchieving Mobilization Giving rise to the will and having desire to changeCreating a Vision Current status of the organization must be reviewed in de tailBuilding a measurement system Progress will be measured and compared against the set targetsRestructuringThis will start removing the non value adding activities from the organization. The fundamentals are to consider the organizational structure but it might also confront at cultural change. The activities involved in Restructuring areBuilding of an economic model This is to look at how the assets are organized and is more focused on the financial aspectsAligning the physical infrastructure with the long term plan.Creating value redesigning the overall work architecture in order to get to processes interact to take a crap valueRevitalizing This portion is concerned with exploring the new products and markets, and making sure a good fit with competitive environment. Activities will includeFocused on exploring new opportunities in marked.Inventing in new businesses and products.Using the knowledge to change the directions of rivalryRenewal This section talks about the procedur e of developing individuals, to make sure that their skills are aligned with the organizational requirements. Activities should includeBuilding a system for remuneration to focus on staff motivationIntroducing organizational learning to progress learning as competence within the organization4.20- Comparing JD Edwards and SAPBased on a study about comparing both the ERP solutions, it has been found that both have certain features, advantages and disadvantages in comparison to each other, allowing organizations to derive certain benefits based on which software is implemented.It has been noted that ERP vendors are now more focused on other elements of the organization as well such as supply chain and customer relationships as a result of which new modules and improved versions of existing modules have come into play. Both SAP and JDE have focused on these elements with the knowledge in hand that customer is the force focus within any business because this is how an organization runs .

The Characters from Uncle Toms Cabin Essay examples -- Uncle Toms Ca

The Characters from Uncle Toms CabinUncle Tom - The hero of the novel, a faithful and very intelligent slave. On the Shelby estate he serves as a kind of a spiritual father to the slaves. He does not run away when he learns he will be sell away from his married woman and children. He is bold in his convictions, even giving advice to one master, Augustine St. Clare. When others encourage him to fight or run, he refuses, claiming it is his duty to serve the humanity who has purchased him and hope that by faithfulness, he will earn his reward. On Simon Legrees plantation, he refuses to strike a female slave and gets in trouble for this. down the stairs torture to say he has no beliefs, he refuses. On nearly all issues he is submissive to his white masters but on the government issue of his faith he will not give in. He is a martyr. He dies for the sake of his principles. Eliza - A beautiful young slave who works in the Shelby house. She is a special favorite of Mrs. Shelby. When she learns that her son Harry will be sold, she takes him and runs away to Canada. On the way, she is reunited with her husband, a fellow slave from another plantation who had already run away. George Harris - A slave on an estate near the Shelbys. He is Elizas husband. As well, he is intelligent and has learned to read and write. He heads for Canada without his wife and son, hoping to earn the money to redeem them as soon as possible. He does not like white folks until the end when they help him. He ends up going to Liberia...

The Effects of Population Increase on the Environment Essay -- overpop

The Effects of Population Increase on the EnvironmentAs inevitable as death and taxes, the existence of the world will continue to beget until the government intervenes. The gross affix in population will generally lead to adverse effects on the environment. In the anthology, A Forest of Voices, an intro titled ?Is It Too Late by Anthony Weston deals with the history of legislation for the protection of the environment and stories of it?s destruction that are all too real. Seemingly, as the population increases, so should the level of intelligence for a sample population which would necessarily lead to a certain form of protection to the environment.It would seem quite unornamented that an increase in population has a causal relationship with the status of the environment. Some factors that may lead to this are be, though. When this notion comes to mind, the immediate reaction may be that a population increase would deem more space to be required for the new population. This i ncludes any area that is necessary for human survival, such(prenominal) as farmland area, water consumption, area to reside, and the production of all products necessary for an individual to function in society. There are statistics to prove this theory. All of the statistics apt(p) are a 20 year projection from 1990 to 2010 (Bryant). The projection shows that the population will increase just fewer than 2 billion in this stoppage (Bryant). This would be about a 33% increase in population (Bryant). The study shows that in these 20 years, the amount of fish caught will increase 20% the area of cropland will increase 5% and the area of forests will decrease by 7% (Bryant). Granted these figures do not look too dangerous, plainly we are already three-quarters of the way through the projection. From these statistics, the future is starting to seem bleak. From these figures, it can be derived that the resources on Earth will eventually be depressed by the hand of man. As grim as the future may seem, there might be some hope just over the horizon. When an increase in population occurs, it must be taken into account that as the years pass the knowledge of the human track will increase. It could be off-key that as our intelligence increases, our means of survival will become more systematic with relation to the earth. Take for example the notion of ecology. It was not until the huma... ...ng that the human race is arrogant, a lack of intelligence is logically equivalent to a certain level of arrogance, and as intelligence increases, arrogance decreases. All of theses given truths have been induce through the writer?s interpretation of the world. I see humans as arrogant by nature. I notice people of higher ground may have an ego, but do not necessarily have a high level of arrogance. I also notice, on the other stop of the spectrum, that the less intelligent a person is, the more likely that person is to be arrogant. Looking back on the last century, or so, th ere has been underlying instances of a world-wide call for awareness of the environment but nothing great has come to fruition. I guess that is what happens when you have a Texan as the chairwoman of the ?best? nation on Earth.Works CitedBryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2002. School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine. http//darwin.bio.uci.edu/sust ain/bio65/lec16/b65lec16.htm.Weston, Anthony. ?Is It Too Late A Forest of Voices Conversations in Ecology. Anderson, Chris. 2nd Edition. clutch View Mayfield Publishing Company, 2000. 134 ? 136.